A proposito delle 'critiche' innegabili che molta stampa mondiale fa a riguardo di Berlusconi, è opportuno mettere in risalto che un'altrettanta grande parte dei giornali mondiali d'ispirazione Liberale e Conservatrice lo difende. E' ovvio e la stessa cosa vale per Schröder, la cui stampa Liberale certo non lo ama.
Per chi sa leggere qualche lingua straniera ecco qui:
WE SHOULD CHANT FORZA ITALIA, FORZA BRITANNIA - The Times, July 03, 2003
By Anatole Kaletsky
Silvio Berlusconi is not only Prime Minister of Italy and, as of this week, the man at the helm of the European Union. He is also Italy’s richest and most controversial private citizen, a billionaire who abused his media monopoly to get himself elected Prime Minister. This was not just a matter of personal vanity: according to many of his compatriots, Berlusconi’s real reason for becoming a politician was to protect his business empire, or even to keep himself out of the courts.
Is this a man fit to lead Europe in the exceptionally challenging period that lies ahead? To preside over a new constitution designed to inspire the citizens of Europe? To welcome ten new member countries out of the dark valley of dictatorships and personality cults into the sunlit uplands of a democratic community dedicated to the rule of law?
The answers to all these questions, from Tony Blair and the British Government, should be an emphatic and unequivocal “yes”.
The idea of warmly welcoming the Italian presidency of the EU and Berlusconi’s political role will go against all the instincts of the British political establishment and the Foreign Office, not to mention the class warriors who are rising again to dominance in the Labour Party.
For the politicians, diplomats and opinion formers of Brussels, Paris and Berlin, to ask questions about Berlusconi’s “fitness” is to answer them. The spicy cocktail of anxiety, innuendo and condescension doing the rounds at diplomatic receptions this week was beautifully distilled in a few toxic sentences in Tuesday’s Financial Times:
“As Italy takes over the presidency of the European Union today, alarm bells are ringing around the Continent. The concern is at Silvio Berlusconi taking the chair. Seasoned observers doubt his objectivity. They question the coherence of his Government. They worry that the media billionaire will be distracted by personal priorities when he should be focusing on international affairs. They fear the worst.”
Why, then, should Britain welcome the Italian presidency and encourage Berlusconi to hang on to the personal control over European policy, which he wrested from the Italian diplomatic establishment when he appointed himself Foreign Minister nearly two years ago?
Because Berlusconi, for all his personal defects, represents exactly the sort of political vision that Britain has been trying to promote in Europe for decades.
The Blair and Berlusconi Governments have much in common in their attitudes to the key issues facing Europe today. These range from free trade and globalisation to labour regulation, tax, welfare, pensions and even the need for radical reform of Europe’s most important economic projects: the Common Agricultural Policy (since neither country is a huge surplus producer) and the euro project (since Italy has suffered more than any other EU country, with the possible exception of Germany, from the loss of national control over its monetary and fiscal affairs).
But the reasons why Britain and Italy should see themselves as natural allies in Europe run much deeper than the economic philosophies of their two governments. Both countries now have more common ground on most EU issues than either country shares with Germany or France. While this consonance can be seen most clearly today in foreign policy and economics, it stems from a deeper issue: neither Britain nor Italy can ever be fully equal partners in a European Union that is dominated by the relationship between France and Germany. But if Britain and Italy can co-operate with each other and attract other allies, especially in Scandinavia, Iberia and Central Europe, they will usually be able to lead Europe in their direction, as they did (for better or worse) on Iraq.
Before I explain the consequences of this controversial statement, let me emphasise that this is not a “counsel of despair”. The reason why Britain and Italy can never be equal in the present Franco-German Europe is not because Germany and France are more powerful, more successful or richer than either Italy or Britain. They are not. Germany is somewhat more populous, but on almost all other statistics Europe’s four largest nations are essentially in a dead heat. In terms of living standards, economic output and even potential military power, Europe’s “big four” are closer to one another than any of them is to the true global superpowers such as America, Japan and China on the one hand, or to the middle-size countries such as Canada and Spain.
Why, then, am I so convinced that it will be impossible for Britain or Italy to transform the Franco-German partnership into a foursome or a ménage à trois?
In the case of Britain, the answer is quite simple: Britain doesn’t really want that kind of intimacy with France, Germany or any other country.
Although the British people are very happy to co-operate with their European neighbours on projects of mutual advantage, they are unlikely ever to endorse a genuine “marriage” — a relationship so deep, so intense and so enduring that vital national interests would be willingly overridden to preserve and tighten the bond. This is what Germany did, for example, when it agreed to join the euro and what France did when President Mitterrand reluctantly decided to support German reunification. And this kind of national sacrifice is what Blair has explicitly promised never to make, either in the euro decision or in the bargaining on a new EU constitution.
Whether or not you believe that Blair will truly “fight for Britain’s interests”, as he always promises, is immaterial for the purpose of this argument. My point is simply that even the most idealistic Europhile politicians in Britain understand that voters reject the rhetoric of national sacrifice for a greater European goal.
The most fascinating question in Europe today is whether Italy may move towards a similar position of semi-detachment from the Franco-German axis. This possibility is the real reason for the horror in Brussels about the presidency of Berlusconi. Until Berlusconi no Italian politician dared to question the polite fiction that Italy had an equal status with Germany and France, as a “founder member” of the EU, and therefore that it should always move in the direction set by the Franco-German “motor”.
This was a fiction. Italy always punched below its economic and demographic weight, which is almost identical to France’s. This was partly because its political shenanigans were regarded with condescension by the other EU founder members, but also because Italy was (and still is) a somewhat artifical appendage to the other EU founder members, all of them compactly positioned, both geopraphically and historically, around the Franco-German axis.
The question now is whether Berlusconi, in deciding to pursue a more independent Italian policy within the EU, is merely grandstanding for the sake of personal vanity (as everyone assumes in Brussels) or whether he is tapping into a genuine resurgence of national feeling and a desire for greater autonomy from Brussels and the Franco-German axis.
I cannot claim to be an expert on Italian culture, but some parallels with Britain do suggest that the Berlusconi phenomenon reflects something of the national mood.
Italy, like Britain and in contrast to Germany and France, has always been an outward-looking trading nation, geographically on the periphery of Europe, a cultural and ethnic melting pot. Like the British, Italians are individualistic people, suspicious of government, resistant to regulation and more comfortable with chaotic, unpredictable change than the rationalistic French or the orderly Germans.
For cultural and historical reasons such as this, there is a natural community of interest between Britain’s liberal, decentralised vision for Europe and the free-wheeling instincts of Berlusconi’s Italy. Of course, Berlusconi may turn out to be an aberration and Italy may eventually adapt its national culture to the rationalistic bureaucratic Franco-German model.
I suspect, however, that Berlusconi may be closer to the true Italian culture than most of his critics, even in his own country. As a Briton and a European I certainly hope so. An outward-looking, liberal, decentralised Europe, inspired by the cultural openness and individualism of Britain, Italy and the other peripheral countries, could be a truly exciting place to live in the coming decades
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ITALY'S ANTI-POLITICIAN STEPS ONTO WORLD STAGE - Washington Post, October 19, 2003
Despite Gaffes, Contentious Mogul Berlusconi Has Wide Support at Home
By Glenn Frankel
ROME -- There was a time when Italy's leaders prided themselves on their gray personalities and low profiles. They spoke politichese, a dense, technocratic jargon designed for their ears only. Governments were formed and fell with dizzying rapidity -- 59 in all since World War II -- and politicians generally came in one shade: bland.
No longer. These days the man who leads Italy boasts of his wealth and his villas, makes pronouncements on matters large, small and intimate -- and occasionally even breaks into song. "I never intended to be a politician," he often says, by way of explanation.
Silvio Berlusconi is Italy's richest man, its largest media baron and, since May 2001, its prime minister. Virtually every law the Parliament passes has a direct impact on his business, his power and his legal status. His supporters -- a substantial number of whom happen to be on his payroll -- consider him a savior, a 21st-century combination of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. His opponents contend he is a serious threat to democracy. His rise to power suggests that even as countries of the new Europe seek to unite, idiosyncratic politics and polarizing leaders survive.
Berlusconi is no longer merely an Italian phenomenon. After Britain's Tony Blair, he has emerged as the Bush administration's most faithful European ally, dispatching Italian troops to postwar Afghanistan and Iraq despite widespread public misgivings here. And Italy's six-month stint running the presidency of the European Union has given him a world stage and a chance to demonstrate statesmanship as he seeks to guide an enlarged Europe toward a landmark new constitution.
His performance so far has been less than Churchillian. He inaugurated his EU presidency by trading insults with a German member of the European Parliament during which Berlusconi said the German would make a good concentration camp officer. A few months later, he defended the late Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini's reputation in an interview published a week before he traveled to New York to pick up a Distinguished Statesman Award from the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. On that same visit, he urged Wall Street to invest in Italy. "We have fewer communists," he said, and "beautiful secretaries."
Although Italians may have been embarrassed by Berlusconi's gaffes, no one seems terribly surprised by them. It's what they have come to expect from a leader who portrays himself as the quintessential anti-politician, who believes that everything he does is for the benefit of Italy, and who insists that those who oppose him are either communists or, as he recently put it, "mentally disturbed."
Still, friends and foes agree it would be a mistake to dismiss Berlusconi as the lead buffoon in a comic opera. His rise coincides with historic changes in Italian politics and society, and his agenda is sweeping.
"No one in Italy has had this much power since Mussolini," said Tana de Zulueta, a senator who is strongly critical of the prime minister. Berlusconi's "combination of personal wealth and media control," de Zulueta said, are "an explosive mix and an unprecedented one because of its possible consequences."
Nonsense, says Marco Ventura, the prime minister's deputy spokesman. Italians elected Berlusconi because they figured "if he was so clever in doing his business he would be clever in doing theirs," said Ventura. "And second, they thought he was so rich he doesn't have to steal."
The Italian Dream
Silvio Berlusconi has described himself as "the perfect personification of the Italian dream." His father was a bank clerk, his mother a secretary at the Pirelli tire factory in Milan. Berlusconi, 67, helped put himself through college by singing and playing piano. A new CD of love songs written by him is due for release before Christmas.
He started out as a small-time real estate developer in the suburbs of Milan, where he first showed a natural talent for marketing, sales and self-promotion. But his big break came in 1978 when he moved into the cable television business.
Italian television in those days was a state-run monopoly, dominated by three national broadcast networks. Berlusconi started out by offering dozens of small, local stations recycled American soap operas like "Dallas" and "Dynasty," cheap movies and variety shows featuring scantily clad women, on condition that the stations agree to show the programs at the same time on the same day, thus stealthily creating a privately run national network. When state regulators ordered the network blacked out, a large-scale revolt by viewers forced them to back down. It was, said Berlusconi with typical bombast, a blow for "pluralism, democracy and freedom."
Eventually he founded two more national networks and expanded his empire to books, magazines, newspapers, filmmaking, banking, insurance and a soccer team. His net worth is now estimated at somewhere between $14 billion and $20 billion -- all of it, boasts his campaign biography, earned without a penny of state aid.
Reality was somewhat different. Like many resourceful Italian entrepreneurs, Berlusconi early on attached himself to a band of friendly politicians -- in his case, the Socialist Party of Bettino Craxi, one of Italy's revolving-door prime ministers. The party funneled state funds into Berlusconi's business projects, and, at the same, he funneled campaign contributions to Craxi and his supporters. Craxi was godfather to Berlusconi's second child, and best man at his second wedding, to a young actress.
In the early 1990s a wave of anti-corruption investigations led by a new generation of zealous prosecutors and judges led to the collapse of the right-of-center Christian Democrats and their Socialist rivals. Craxi was one of those who fell, accused, among other things, of accepting millions from Berlusconi's companies.
Rather than look for a new political patron, Berlusconi decided to run himself. He created his own political party, Forza Italia -- "Forward, Italy!" -- a popular soccer cheer, and promised to modernize Italy's state-dominated economy and dismantle its stifling bureaucracy. Italy is still largely a nation of small-business owners, and he appealed directly to their pride and their pocketbooks.
"Mr. Berlusconi thought, 'I'm popular. I'm known as the man who broke the rules. I can do something for Italy and at the same time defeat those who are coming into my house to destroy my business,' " said Giuliano Ferrara, who edits the right-of-center Il Foglio newspaper, partly owned by Berlusconi's family.
To the surprise of many, Forza Italia won enough seats in the 1994 election to propel Berlusconi into the prime minister's office. But his government lasted only seven months before being unseated. Seven years later he staged his comeback with a landslide victory.
His campaign and his government have been Berlusconi's personal production. Mity Simonetto, a television producer who has worked for Berlusconi for two decades, said he mostly writes his own speeches and dictates everything from camera angles to wardrobes and makeup. His campaign biography, "The Italian Story," was mailed to 12 million homes. It contains 124 photos of the leader, an analysis of his horoscope and endorsements from celebrities, politicians and even his cook and his butler, Sandro Parodi, who is quoted as saying, "There is nobody quite like him."
Media Empire
It's 7 p.m. and time for the television news, Italian style. Tonight's big story on Mediaset's TG4 network is the prime minister's visit to Yalta to discuss how to improve relations between the European Union and Ukraine. As Berlusconi emerges from his limo in his trademark double-breasted dark gray suit and perpetual tan, anchorman Emilio Fede launches into a passionate encomium. "I can't stress how important this is," Fede concludes.
As owner of Mediaset, Silvio Berlusconi effectively controls three of Italy's seven national television networks. As prime minister, he oversees three others operated by RAI, the state broadcaster. In all, the six stations represent 90 percent of Italy's viewers and TV advertising revenues. The coverage is not necessarily all favorable. Recently a satirical program on one of RAI's networks led off its top 10 list of things it was fed up about with Berlusconi's name. But critics contend most of it is timid at best.
Although he stepped down from day-to-day business operations when he first ran for office in 1994, Berlusconi has refused to sell off any of his companies since taking office.
The new media bill making its way through Parliament would allow Berlusconi's empire to maintain control of all three channels, and further expand into radio and newspapers. Berlusconi's supporters say the bill would make Italy's media more competitive. The bill has not had smooth sailing. About 40 members of Berlusconi's ruling coalition broke ranks in the lower house and voted on a secret ballot for two amendments to the legislation. But it is expected to pass, despite the fact that President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, Italy's respected elder statesman, has hinted of his displeasure.
"It is the anti-antitrust law," says de Zulueta. "It will allow Berlusconi to have all he has now and, indeed, he can have more."
Even more disturbing, critics contend, is a series of laws that have helped Berlusconi circumvent investigations of his business practices. Since he took office, Parliament has approved a bill retroactively downgrading the crime of false accounting, thus ending one investigation into his finances. It passed another bill limiting the admissibility of documents obtained from foreign countries, and another allowing defendants a change of venue when they contend judges are prejudiced against them. In June it approved legislation granting Berlusconi and five other top officials immunity from prosecution during their time in office.
The immunity ruling suspended a criminal case in Milan in which Berlusconi was charged with bribing judges as part of a campaign to block the sale of a state-owned food company in the 1980s to a rival businessman. Before it took effect, the prime minister had appeared in court to deny any wrongdoing. He said he had intervened to prevent the sale at the behest of his old ally, Craxi. In another case, one of Berlusconi's closest associates, Cesare Previti, was found guilty of bribing judges on his behalf and sentenced to 11 years in prison.
Britain's Economist magazine, which has crusaded against Berlusconi's business practices, said the prime minister's mission has been "to put himself beyond the reach of the law, and thus to evade both scrutiny and punishment."
'Circles of Power'
In rebuttal, Berlusconi's defenders contend that prosecutors and judges are pursuing the prime minister for political reasons, the same way they hounded some of his predecessors.
One of his most ardent defenders is Niccolo Ghedini, a member of the Chamber of Deputies, Italy's lower house, who also happens to be Berlusconi's defense lawyer. "The laws that Mr. Berlusconi has made are in the interests of all," he said in an interview. "If he was only looking out for himself, he would leave politics. When you're a business owner or a media baron, it's much easier to get things accomplished in the shadows."
Running a government, it turns out, can be harder than operating a business. Berlusconi's supporters boast that he has lowered unemployment, raised pensions for Italy's poorest people and simplified the cumbersome legal system. But even they concede that keeping peace in a fractious four-party coalition while carrying out sustained reforms has been challenging.
"To change Italy is not easy," said Ventura, the deputy spokesman. "We have an ancient culture and a strong bureaucracy. There are circles of power that are not so transparent."
Still, if Berlusconi's government can make it to next May it will become the longest-serving in postwar history. No one is betting against him.
"Most people in Italy are fed up with politics, and that's the reason for the great success of Berlusconi," said Cristiano Aquili, 47, a former policeman who owns a motor scooter rental shop in Rome. "He's not a politician, and he makes the mistakes a politician would never make. But even if I don't like him, I say let him do his work and then we'll see."
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn...2003Oct18.html
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn...03Oct18_2.html
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BERLUSCONI MUST HAVE AN APOLOGY FROM THE RED RABBLE - The Times, July 4 2003
By Rosemary Righter
Yes, he would have done better to keep his cool. Yes, he should have remembered that gibes, particularly barbed-wire ones, sting hardest in translation. Yes, he must have known that telling a German that he would be right for a bit movie part as a Nazi concentration camp "trusty" was not going to add to the sum of brotherly love.
But there is a sickening hypocrisy about the righteous harrumphing in Berlin, where Gerhard Schröder stooped to the stagey ploy of putting calls from Rome on hold, and about the pompous strutting in Strasbourg of the offended "dignity" of the European Parliament. Dignity had gone to the dogs, a whole slavering pack of them, well before Berlusconi bit back.
The occasion was a formal one, the presentation that takes place at the outset of each rotating EU presidency. Berlusconi treated it with appropriate seriousness, delivering an accomplished, thoughtful speech. He, and the country he leads, were entitled to the customary courtesy of an adult debate on its substance.
What did he get? Before he even opened his mouth, a raucous claque of Green and left-wing MEPs waved placards plastered with the best insults they could plagiarise (the favourite, "No Godfather for Europe", was a lift from Der Spiegel’s oh-so-witty cover story). His speech was greeted by a barrage of invective, all of it ad hominem, much of it infantile, some of it contemptible — the French Communist’s calling the Berlusconi Government "barbaric" or the Belgian MEP’s accusing him of laying Italy waste as did Attila the Hun. Martin Schulz, the deservedly obscure German Socialist now enjoying his 15 minutes of fame, was the last in a discreditable line-up of nincompoops who disgraced democracy by their inability to tell the difference between free speech and the political equivalent of a wrecker’s demolition ball.
The Parliament’s Speaker spinelessly ignored this trashing of protocol, bringing down his gavel only in defence of the last to provoke offence. To demand a formal apology from Berlusconi, after that, reminds me of a gaggle of Nobel peace laureates who once, at Hiroshima, spent three full hours expatiating on the evils of the Bomb without once mentioning that Japan had plunged Asia into war. Parliament owes the Italian Prime Minister an apology of its own.
Right, then. The rowdy Red-Green bunch conspired to drown out Berlusconi’s speech because it is not just Citizen Berlusconi the media tycoon whom they fear and detest, but his ambitions to make Europe less bureaucratic, more outward- looking and capable of adult partnership with America. Nor will they forgive his inexcusable presumption in asserting that Italians have as much right as the French or Germans to be heard in Europe’s councils.
Berlusconi thinks out of the box. He has petrified his diplomatic service by suggesting that if the EU is to work with America as a "a world power", it should expand dramatically — to Russia, "with its military capabilities", to Turkey, even to Israel. He relishes contradictions, emphasising Europe’s Christian identity but also closer links with the largely Islamic world south of the Mediterranean, championing lower taxes and massive public works projects in the same breath.
As his Strasbourg speech underlined, for those prepared to listen, he thinks ambitiously. That is what made this freewheeling tycoon a logical choice to lead Italy out of the morass of debt, maladministration, restrictive practices and bloated welfare bills, and revive its entrepreneurial zest. What Italy needs, "Europe" needs too: bold voices to challenge the Brussels consensus and the outworn Franco-German model of "social Europe".
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SENSE AND SENSITIVITIES - The Wall Street Journal, July 4 2003
When French President Jacques Chirac recently criticized Silvio Berlusconi for refusing to meet Yasser Arafat, the Italian PM didn't miss a beat. "I think the French president has missed an opportunity to keep quiet." Anyone who recalls Mr. Chirac's haughty put-down of the East European countries that backed Britain and America's policy in Iraq would have to admit that the quip was pretty funny, and utterly appropriate.
We bring this up to make a point: The Italian PM does have a wicked sense of humor. Of course, attempted humor isn't without risks, as Mr. Berlusconi just found out during Wednesday's heated gathering at the European Parliament.
In an apparently premeditated attack, German MEP Martin Schulz lit into him for evoking an immunity law to suspend a trial on bribery charges in Italy. Mr. Berlusconi swiped back, telling the MEP he would be well-suited to playing the role of a kapo (a guard) in a film about a concentration camp.
Mr. Berlusconi clearly broke the boundary of etiquette on mentioning the war. But lost in the froth of outrage that has spilled over onto the front-pages of European newspapers was the context. Mr. Berlusconi spoke as MEPs waved posters around calling him "godfather" and other insults questioning his probity; not normally the kind of treatment the democratically elected leader of an EU member -- a founding member of European Union, one of the world's largest economies, and the country that has just assumed EU's rotating presidency -- has a right to expect.
We're not sure which is worse -- calling an Italian a mafiosi or calling a German a Nazi. But while the former was good enough for members of the European Parliament, the Italian's off-the-cuff comeback sparked a diplomatic kerfuffle.
For those who appreciate irony, it was amusing to see German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder demand an immediate explanation and apology. Most Americans will remember how very long it took Mr. Schroeder to respond after one of his ministers compared President George W. Bush to a Nazi during his re-election campaign.
The apparent double-standard here is in part no doubt because Mr. Berlusconi has plenty of enemies ready to pounce on the slightest indiscretion. His support for President Bush's policy on Iraq and his free-market views on economic policy and conservatism on other issues have outraged the European left and various entrenched interests in his own country.
Remarks about Nazis aside, thin skin may be a genetic trait of the European left. Exhibit B was the uproar created in France when Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin noted wryly that France would be on its way to heaven were it not for the Socialists. He was speaking after another MP cited the old joke about heaven (socialist dream) and hell (socialist reality). His response had the merit of being both witty -- though we concede this is a matter of taste -- and arguably true. It isn't clear what's so awful about a politician attacking his ideological and political opponents, but Mr. Raffarin was raked over the coals for daring to suggest that socialists are not all angels.
We wish Mr. Berlusconi had found a defter comeback than the rough one he offered -- not least because at a time when he is in a position to put forth his vision for Italy and Europe, he has once again seemed to hand his opponents a loaded gun to use against him. Apparently he has had the same thoughts since Wednesday; Chancellor Schroeder declared the matter "closed" after the Italian PM "expressed his regret about the choice of this expression and comparison."
Even so, it's worth recognizing that there's no pleasing some people. Mr. Berlusconi was treated despicably by the very MEPs who now denounce his clumsy attempt to defend himself. We suspect that it was not so much Mr. Berlusconi's flip remark as what he stands for in politics that really irked those who made the biggest commotion here.
URL for this article:
http://online.wsj.com/article/0,,SB1...699000,00.html
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ITALY'S TRIAL - The Wall Street Journal, May 7 2003
In any other country the unrelenting torrent of investigations and prosecutions aimed at Silvio Berlusconi would suggest that he has committed some crime. In any other country, the public might draw inferences from the fact that Mr. Berlusconi's one-time private lawyer and friend, former defense minister Cesare Previti, was just sentenced to 11 years in jail for bribing judges in two takeover cases, one of which directly benefited Mr. Berlusconi's business empire. In any other country, in other words, it wouldn't occur to second-guess the judicial authorities in such matters.
But this isn't any other country, it's Italy. Sure, corruption was practically de rigueur under the postwar order that collapsed in the early 1990s, all the more so because the ambiguous laws and regulations that governed enterprises placed enormous power into the hands of bureaucrats and judges. And it may not be unreasonable to conclude from this, as many in the media have, that any businessman of Mr. Berlusconi's wealth and success must have some compromising activity buried in his walk-in closet.
We wouldn't prejudge the outcome of the current case against Mr. Berlusconi. But it would be a mistake to see Italy's judiciary as an impartial player here. On the contrary, Italy's magistrates are often more politicized than the politicians, as the tenacity of the judicial attacks on Mr. Berlusconi shows.
He has already survived several criminal cases and a dizzying number of investigations, probes and court hearings into his business dealings. There have been hundreds of police fishing expeditions (at the behest of Milan's magistrates) into his Fininvest empire. That must make Mr. Berlusconi one of the most investigated political leaders in history.
In every other case against him he has either been acquitted of all charges, had a conviction overturned on appeal or exhausted the statute of limitations. In the outstanding case, which has been running for three years, he is accused of bribing a judge nearly 20 years ago in a case concerning the sale of SME, the food company that was then part of the state-run IRI group.
At an explosive hearing Monday, Mr. Berlusconi testified that European Commission President Romano Prodi, who was then the head of IRI had, without the knowledge of IRI's directors, stitched up a sale agreement with Carlo De Benedetti. He claimed that he entered his rival bid at the personal behest of his friend then Prime Minister Bettino Craxi, who was disturbed by the low price agreed with IRI.
Ultimately SME was broken up and sold for far more than Mr. De Benedetti was offering. While Mr. De Benedetti tried to stop the sale in the courts, they rejected his appeal. Mr. Berlusconi is accused of bribing an appeals court judge.
No one, of course should be above the law, whatever the standard of conduct in Italy at the time. But whatever the outcome of this case, it's well worth pausing a moment to consider Mr. Berlusconi's accusers -- the very Milan magistrature that was involved in the kickback investigations of the early 1990s. While these investigations succeeded, thankfully, in bringing down the corrupt postwar political system in Italy, they became an obstacle to reform and the rule of law in their own right.
Italy's judiciary must indeed be the world's most autonomous and unaccountable. Prosecutors and judges, both called magistrates, belong to the same union. They are regulated by the Higher Council of Magistrates, but they themselves vote for many of the same Council members that regulate them.
Magistrates make no pretenses to political impartiality. They align themselves with one of four political factions (correnti), which help ensure promotions and plum jobs. The left-wing faction has for some time been dominant. Gridlock is enormous, leaving many cases languishing for years and magistrates free to choose which cases they wish to pursue.
The rule of law in Italy has been seriously disserved by this system. Mr. Berlusconi has launched a program of judicial reform. But because he would also obviously benefit from such reforms in defending himself, his reform efforts have been criticized as crass opportunism and of course opposed by the magistrates who have a vested interest in keeping the sweeping powers and autonomy they currently enjoy. As such, the current court battle is as much about the future of the judiciary and other constitutional reforms as it is about an allegation of bribery. Italy deserves a better system.
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BERLUSCONI STARTS TO KEEP HIS PROMISES - Financial Times, February 7 2003
By Tony Barber
About 2,500 years ago, Sun Tzu wrote in The Art of War: "If, in the midst of difficulties, we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune."
Has Silvio Berlusconi been mugging up on ancient Chinese philosophy? The waters of Italian politics are notoriously treacherous but the media magnate turned prime minister has shown in the past seven days why his skill as a helmsman should never be underestimated.
In two crucial areas of economic and foreign policy, Mr Berlusconi has outwitted his domestic opponents and given a fresh sense of direction to the centre-right government that he has led since his decisive election victory in May 2001.
In foreign policy, the burning issues of the day in Italy are the Iraq crisis and its impact on Europe's relations with the US. Here the potential pitfalls for Mr Berlusconi are numerous. According to the latest opinion polls, about two-thirds of Italians oppose a US-led war against Iraq even if the United Nations Security Council gives the go-ahead. There is strong opposition in parliament, too. Even within Mr Berlusconi's four-party coalition there are doubts about whether Italy should support such a war and fears that, if the country aligns itself too squarely with the US, it may damage its relations with "old Europe" - France and Germany.
Yet Mr Berlusconi this week forged a distinctive position on these issues that defends Italy's national interests much better than, say, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder seems to have done for Germany.
Addressing parliament on Thursday, Mr Berlusconi was confronted with a typical piece of Italian political theatre when two pacifist members of the centre-left opposition unfurled a banner proclaiming: "We are burying Berlusconi with the flag of peace." The prime minister hit back: "A Europe that is decoupled from or opposed to the US cannot exist."
Earlier, he had signed the open letter in which eight European leaders affirmed their support for the US in the Iraq crisis. He has promised that US forces can use Italian military bases for operations in the Gulf and has also committed 1,000 Italian mountain troops to the anti-terrorism campaign in Afghanistan. The centre-left opposition is split between those who support and oppose these moves.
At the same time, Mr Berlusconi has carefully measured out a certain distance from the stance taken by Tony Blair, the UK prime minister. Unlike Britain, Italy will not commit soldiers to a war against Iraq. Mr Berlusconi has also been more explicit than Mr Blair in stating that a second Security Council resolution is necessary to give legitimacy to military action.
In this way, he has done everything that the Bush administration has asked of Italy, while preserving Italy's influence with each side of the debate in the European Union.
As far as economic policy is concerned, Mr Berlusconi is at last answering the critics who have complained for months that his government is failing to keep its promises of change. One sign is a law on labour-market reform passed last Wednesday. It broadens the scope for employers to offer part-time and temporary work and increases the role of private job placement agencies.
A second measure, which should become law by June, will tighten Italy's unemployment benefit system by reducing or stopping payments to jobless people who turn down offers of work or paid training.
In the context of Italy's highly inefficient labour markets, such initiatives are quite promising. From a political point of view, they suggest that the government is finding a way out of the impasse that was threatening until recently to block serious reform.
The government wasted much energy last year in a failed attempt to change an article of Italy's labour law that can force companies with more than 15 employees to rehire workers who claim unfair dismissal.
But Mr Berlusconi's opponents, having apparently gained the upper hand, lost the initiative when an alliance of hardline communists and leftwing trade unionists gathered enough signatures to force a referendum on whether to expand this article to cover all workers, even in the smallest companies. The proposal has virtually no chance of success and, because it is too extreme for many, has divided the opposition.
Moreover, moderate centre-leftists were caught in two minds about the labour market reform passed this week. Privately, many recognised the need for such a law; but few wanted to say so in public. The result was that the law sailed through the Senate, or upper house of parliament, by 143 votes to two and the centre-left did not even bother to vote.
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Excerpts of Interview With Prime Minister of Italy By THE NEW YORK TIMES
ROME, May 9 — Following are excerpts of an interview with Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi conducted late Thursday night in Palazzo Chigi by Frank Bruni of The New York Times. Mr. Berlusconi's remarks have been translated from Italian to English.
Brani di un'intervista al Presidente del Consiglio Silvio Berlusconi sul quotidiano "The New York Times", a cura di Frank Bruni.
Q. Why was it so important on Monday, in your testimony in Milan, to give names like Romano Prodi. You didn't say Prodi by name, but——
A. It was important because they were the main characters in this situation. You can't tell a story without naming the main characters involved. I tried to be respectful. Facts are facts. That's the way things went. I had to explain so that Italians would understand the facts.
Q. I'm not telling you anything you don't know. Your opponents would say that you are serving a warning to these people being named.
A. I am very straightforward. There are no messages under the table. I thought this trial would end in nothing. My lawyers told me, "Look, something isn't right here, because these judges are not admitting the testimonies we asked for. How can they decide if they don't call the witnesses? So something is not right." We examined the history of the trial and in the history of the trial I found that not one request from my lawyers was accepted. And in fact during one hearing, my lawyers could not be present and rather than postponing it, the court named a public defense lawyer and didn't give him the time to read up on the case. So such contradictory behavior makes one think.
Q. Why do you believe that the judiciary as a whole is out to bring you down, or am I misstating your belief?
A. Because the history in the past 11 years has shown this. Because the history that is known in Italy — but not abroad, because it was never explained — is that the judiciary made an intervention that upset the political world. It eliminated five parties and many of the people that were put to trial were proven innocent. . . . The Christian Democratic Party was destroyed.
Q. Do you think that the left is trying to manipulate the political process through members of the judiciary?
A. They did try. They eliminated all the opposing parties. It's without question. It's clear to all Italians, even the left-wing ones. The story is all there to see.
Q. Would you like to see an immunity law passed in Parliament?
A. Of course. . . . I believe that we have to return to our constitution. Our constitution, article 68, was scrapped in '93, after 45 years. It was the law. But during the particular '93 campaign, Parliament repealed it. After what happened I believe that it is absolutely necessary to return to that system. . . . The opposition is using the judges for a political struggle for power. Up to now, no one has been kicked out of the opposition. The judges have not eliminated or attacked any member of the opposition. . . . So this is the situation. This is clear. . . . It is a situation, a cancer, that we must eradicate from democracy. It's not possible not to do it. Otherwise we'll never have a government that can govern in peace or a majority that can remain in power.
Q. Is it not a problem, however, that you are arguing about these larger systemic problems? Does it not take away, for many people, the credibility of that argument that you stand to be the most immediate beneficiary of some of the changes you sought?
A. It is a situation exploited by the left, used by the left.
Q. Wouldn't it be easier and cleaner and silence your critics if you divested yourself of some of these vast holdings, including media, to show that there could be no conflict of interest? To let go of some of this stuff? We don't yet have a conflict of interest law here.
A. I wanted to do it, but my children won't let me. They are in love with my companies. They want to continue to manage what their father constructed. I wanted to sell everything to Rupert Murdoch.
Q. What did you want to sell that you are not selling because of your children?
A. I had an advanced negotiation in the works with a price already established with Rupert Murdoch for the television stations. We had offers to buy the newspapers.
Q. So why don't you just tell your children it's not possible.
A. Because I believe that there isn't really any conflict of interest. It just isn't there.
Q. Why?
A. Where is it? We turn on the TV and open the newspapers and they are all left-leaning against me.
Q. A conflict of interest isn't only what's actually happening. A conflict of interest is what a person can make happen if so inclined.
A. I think that history can prove this. History itself proves that I have never used my personal means because I have been in politics since 1994, nine years, and there has never been an episode where I have used my means in an unsuitable manner.
Q. I understand but what I'm saying is that all of the questions could go away.
A. Excuse me, but the majority of Italians don't care about this, my problem. We had a referendum where they were asked whether I should sell or not and they said no.
Q. The fact a majority of Italians don't mind it doesn't necessarily make something right or wrong, does it?
A. Yes, but in effect the real conflict of interest lies in the fact that my public activity has always damaged my business, not the contrary. I had to sell my chain of supermarkets because they wouldn't give me a license anymore. I had to sell my pay-TV because they passed a law against pay-TV; I had to sell my radio stations. There was never anything in my favor. Not one law was ever in my favor. . . . Here it's not like when someone is elected to government in America, and he remains in power for four years. What if I had sold everything, and after seven months they sent me home? So I sell everything and after seven months I'm not in government anymore. You have to understand the Italian situation.
Q. That's an interesting point.
A. I'm here and it's a great sacrifice to do what I'm doing. I'm not having fun at all.
Q. But, if you're not selling off your business interests and you're not losing money, why is it a grand sacrifice?
A. It's a sacrifice because of the life that I am leading, taking care of things like I'm doing. I am not inclined to public life or political life. It is a daily sacrifice. Because I wasn't born to be a politician. I've never been one and I ask myself every morning: why am I doing it? I ask myself the same thing every night. I ask myself who I should be working with. How terrible it is to have to deal with things that are so far removed from my own personal interests.
Q. So why are you doing it?
A. Otherwise the communists would have arrived — taken in — Italy. Otherwise Italy would have supported Chirac against the United States. Otherwise there would be no freedom in Italy. Because the communists here aren't democratic yet. They are tourists of democracy. They haven't learned yet because they are still close to the dictators: Milosevic, Castro, Saddam Hussein. This is their soul. Because the strongest Communist Party in the West was and is in Italy.
Q. But communism is almost gone.
A. Not in Italy. Not in Italy. These are real communists. They use lies in their political speeches and in the political struggle. They are the same men who have for years supported Pol Pot and all the communist dictators and regimes around the world. And they still have the same mentality. And when I decided to enter politics I had a friend from Romania who knew who Ceausescu was, and he always told me, "I fear that my past will become your future." This is the story that forced me one night to decide. . . . I was forced into it by people standing under my windows. I was the most well-liked and best-known businessman in Italy. I had 90 percent of the popular vote. Because not only did I own the product that everyone has in their home, television, I changed the life of the Italians. I brought commercial television to this country. I was the one that improved public television. When I began, television here began in the afternoon and ended at 12 at night, and there were only two programs. So we changed everything. We modernized television in this country. We improved the economy and all the rest. I had soccer, I had volleyball, hockey, rugby, baseball — the most famous, well-known, best-loved businessman. . . . That's what I used to be. Now, I have a sailboat but in two years I've only been on it one day to bring the family home. And I haven't been to my house in Bermuda for two or three years. And the same goes for my house in Portofino. I've been there for only one day in the past nine months. Do you understand? My life has changed. The quality has become terrible. What a brutal job.
Q. Do you think your government will last 5 years?
A. I'm sure it will. Absolutely.
Q. This doesn't happen often in Italy.
A. It's never happened before, but it will happen with me.
Q. Do you think you'll be able to pass the immunity law?
A. I think so.
Q. For everyone?
A. For all members of Parliament. I want to go to Parliament to make a statement. I'm convinced that my reasons will even convince members of the left to vote for this law.
Q. If the worst happens and these magistrates, who you say are politically motivated and are not really weighing the facts, if they convict you, do you go back to the electorate? Do you think President Ciampi would call for new elections and what do you think would happen then?
A. No. I would continue to govern because I am convinced that on appeal I would be in the right. But I don't think — I exclude this possibility. There's no way this could happen.
Q. It's only hypothetical.
A. It's not possible. There are no elements for a conviction. It doesn't exist.
Q. Would a prime minister, and in this case it's you, be able to continue governing and dealing with other countries with a conviction on his hands?
A. Yes, because I will explain. As usual, I will extract the good from the bad and I will greatly reform the Italian judiciary and I will explain that it was a politicized judiciary.
Q. Do you feel that what is happening right now in terms of your trial and the issues surrounding it is an important moment for Italy?
A. I don't give that much importance to this trial.
Q. Not just this trial.
A. No, this moment. I think that it is a moment of necessary reforms in which the judiciary reform is also included. But there are other important reforms at the same moment. There is the federal reform to transform a centralized state into a federation. There is the governmental structure reform that we are studying, because today the prime minister doesn't have any power. . . . I have coordinating powers but I can't for example fire a member of Parliament. I can't call an election. I have much less power than my European colleagues. The third thing is that we have a perfect bilateral system, that is, a law comes out from me and then it goes to a commission and then it goes to the house and then it goes to the senate committee and then to the senate. If they change something it returns to the house. It's a truly obsolete, old-fashioned system — old. And so I have to, it has to be changed. We will have a federal senate to judge federal laws, and a house to judge laws that are primarily of the state. Then we'll have to change the constitutional court. It has to take into account the new federal system and it must have judges elected by the regions. So there is a big change. And then we have the reform of the codes that are important, the labor reform, the welfare reform, the health reform, education reform, university reform, research reform. . . . We have some large infrastructures that need to be updated, we have a relaunch of the south, we have the complete change of public administration, the defense and army reform, with new technologies and European defense as well as our participation in NATO. With an army of professionals we can do away with conscription and we will have an army of professional soldiers. It's an infinite job.
Q. To change subjects dramatically, how serious is the repair work that needs to be done on European alliances after Iraq?
A. There will be much work to do.
Q. And what do you think of that meeting that happened a week or two ago for the separate defense force?
A. The same protagonists of this meeting, which had been planned long in advance, actually tried to minimize the importance saying that it was only a proposal that they would bring to the European Council. A European agreement for defense that excludes England that has 25 percent of the defense force seems stupid.
Q. What I'm trying to say is, is it a signal of a real trans-Atlantic problem?
A. I have to be the president of the European Council for the next six months. And so I can't be sincere about this.
Q. You once said in an interview that when you entered politics, you were tired of being Silvio Berlusconi and you wanted a heroic life. Have you achieved that?
A. I never said that. The question was: if I weren't Berlusconi, who would I like to be?
Q. And the answer?
A. It was Berlusconi's son.
Q. Let me ask you something else. If 10 years ago, when you were a private citizen, and you had not yet entered politics, if someone showed you a country, not Italy, and said that country's richest man, a person who owns more of the media than anyone else, and is also the leading governing figure of that country, and has all those three things combined, would you not say that that is a scary and not necessarily good concentration of power in one place?
A. Perhaps it's not an ideal situation taken in the abstract, but it was the only possible situation to save Italy from a nonliberal regime.
Q. The only solution?
A. Yes, there was no other.
Q. The only one?
A. The only one. There was no other solution.
Q. There was no one else who could help Italy?
A. No, there wasn't. In that historical situation there was nobody else.
Q. No one else?
A. In 1994, no. . . . At that time there were no alternatives. I felt forced to do so against my will. I didn't have the inclination to do it. I was desperate.
Q. So you are the only person right now who can save Italy?
A. I believe that if I left political life right now, Italy would fall into the hands of the communists. Unfortunately, that's the way things stand right now. Unfortunately. I am not motivated, except for out of necessity, to be here and do what I'm doing. It's a daily sacrifice for me also because I wouldn't leave office and stay at home with nothing to do. I wouldn't have free time. My life would be completely different, much better and much more interesting. I would do things that interest me also because I'm not that young anymore. Just think that the left is divided on everything and the only thing that keeps them together is being against me because they know I am the only thing keeping them from getting into power. There is no one else in Italy today who would receive the consensus and the union of the electorate of the center-left. There's no one — not yet anyway, unfortunately. And it's a question I ask myself. How much longer do I have to keep on living this life of sacrifices? When we think about the next elections, we think — I think — who will we find? I'd be the happiest man alive if we could find someone who will be able to substitute me. I'd love to do all the things I love to do. And think about the stress related to election campaigns. Every day you have to make a different speech. Tonight I'll go home around 1 in the morning and then I have to study a speech I have to give tomorrow on public administration.
Q. You must get some pleasure from it, no?
A. No. I get pleasure when a lot of people surround me and tell me nice things. Perhaps I feel compensated then. When I get some acknowledgment or affection and love for me that is expressed by ordinary people. That, yes. Then I feel, well, these people really do like me. But then think of all the mud that is slung at me, all the wars and slander. At this moment Italian life is marked by a strong contraposition between the left and the right and I am the lightning-rod for everything. Everything is flung against me: from satire to the articles. If you see the papers, I'm on the front page of all of them. And I am quite loathe to show myself. As a businessman, I must have been on television, as a television magnate, only two or three times, out of necessity, because I had won the soccer league championship, but very little. I don't go out for dinner, I don't go to parties. I work all the time. . . . I'm always alone, always alone here. In nine years, I've been to a restaurant only once. I don't even know which one. I've never been to a party. I work all the time. I've never lived like this before.
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Intervista del quotidiano "Le Figaro" al Presidente del Consiglio Silvio Berlusconi, a cura di Richard Heuzé
Le président du Conseil estime n'avoir pris aucune position antifrançaise durant le conflit irakien Silvio Berlusconi : «J'irai jusqu'au terme de mon mandat, en 2006» Propos recueillis à Rome par Richard Heuzé [20 mai 2003] LE FIGARO. – Le tribunal pénal de Milan vient de disjoindre votre cas du procès SME. Il devrait rendre son verdict le mois prochain. Une condamnation de votre ancien ministre, Cesare Previti, inculpé comme vous de corruption de magistrat, risque de rejaillir sur vous, sur le plan politique du moins. Pensez-vous que cela aura des répercussions sur la présidence de l'Union européenne que l'Italie assumera pour six mois à partir de juillet?
Silvio BERLUSCONI. – Absolument pas. Je crois que les dirigeants européens me connaissent bien maintenant. Ils ont compris quelle était la situation italienne. Cette accusation est absolument infondée. Une poignée de magistrats militants utilisent la justice à des fins politiques pour faire tomber le gouvernement. C'est un cancer qu'il faudra extirper pour que l'Italie puisse redevenir dans tous les domaines un état de droit.
LE FIGARO. – Déjà, en novembre 1994, alors que vous étiez au pouvoir, vous aviez été mis en examen pour corruption présumée de la police des finances, cette affaire étant antérieure à votre entrée en politique. Ce précédent vous fait-il craindre le pire aujourd'hui ?
Silvio BERLUSCONI. – Cette accusation-là a changé l'histoire de l'Italie, puisqu'elle a fait tomber mon premier gouvernement et a envoyé la gauche au pouvoir. Laissez-moi rappeler que, depuis, la Cour de cassation a reconnu ma pleine innocence en prononçant un non-lieu complet. Il faut aussi dire qu'en 1994 l'opinion avait une autre perception du travail des magistrats. Aujourd'hui, l'atmosphère est complètement différente. Seulement 8% des Italiens leur font confiance.
LE FIGARO. – Dans votre déposition du 5 mai dernier, vous avez mis en cause Romano Prodi. Cela ne risque-t-il pas de rendre problématiques vos rapports durant le semestre italien?
Silvio BERLUSCONI. – Je suis accusé sur la base des affirmations d'un témoin privé de toute fiabilité et inspiré par des intérêts personnels. Un témoin contre lequel j'ai porté plainte pour diffamation il y a sept ans, sans suite de la part du tribunal de Milan. Le 5 mai, je me suis défendu à la barre en citant noms, chiffres et faits irréfutables. J'aurais corrompu un juge pour obtenir un arbitrage favorable, mais que dire des quatorze autres magistrats qui se sont prononcés de la même manière sur la même affaire ! Cela dit, j'exclus de nouveau quelque répercussion que ce soit pendant la présidence italienne. Mes rapports avec Romano Prodi restent corrects sur le plan institutionnel. Non seulement dans la forme, mais aussi dans la substance. Et je veux croire que lui aussi aura à coeur d'obtempérer à ses obligations de président de la Commission.
LE FIGARO. – Ne serez-vous pas tenté de provoquer des élections anticipées?
Silvio BERLUSCONI. – Je n'y ai jamais songé. La législature prend fin en 2006, et j'entends aller jusqu'au terme de mon mandat. L'Italie a eu l'infortune d'avoir 55 gouvernements en un demi-siècle. Chacun a duré en moyenne moins d'un an. C'est trop peu pour mener une action vraiment efficace. Voilà pourquoi les institutions du pays accusent un tel retard. Pour la première fois en cinquante ans, mon gouvernement jouit d'un large soutien au Parlement. C'est à la fois une grande responsabilité et une grande opportunité. Cela lui permet d'agir pour réformer l'architecture institutionnelle de l'Etat, son administration, ses codes et ses lois afin que l'Italie devienne compétitive avec les autres pays européens. C'est ce que nous sommes en train de faire. Nous avons mis en chantier vingt-quatre réformes allant de la structure du gouvernement à l'abrogation d'un nombre infini de lois inutiles, en passant par l'école, le marché du travail, la mise en oeuvre de grands chantiers. Nous avons aussi réformé complètement la philosophie de notre diplomatie et renforcé la lutte contre la criminalité. Mettre en oeuvre cette révolution libérale et moderne de l'Etat requiert du temps. C'est pourquoi je ne vois aucun risque d'élections anticipées.
LE FIGARO. – Dans quel esprit conduirez-vous la présidence de l'Union?
Silvio BERLUSCONI. – L'Italie est l'un des pays fondateurs de l'Europe. C'est aussi, j'en suis convaincu, le pays européen le plus enthousiaste. Pour garantir son avenir, l'Europe doit se hisser au niveau des Etats-Unis, unique grande puissance sur la scène globale. Elle doit le faire en développant une politique étrangère qui soit réellement unique. Celle-ci n'aura d'autorité que si elle est soutenue par une force militaire faisant elle-même autorité.
LE FIGARO. – Comment y parvenir?
Silvio BERLUSCONI. – De deux manières. D'une part en élargissant ses frontières pour englober des pays comme la Turquie, la Moldavie, les pays balkaniques, la Biélorussie, l'Ukraine et la Fédération russe. Seul le chapeau européen permettra d'éviter les guerres ethniques et religieuses dans les Balkans. Et d'accélérer dans tous ces pays les réformes renforçant démocratie et libre marché. A cette liste j'ajoute Israël, où je me rendrai le mois prochain : de mon point de vue, c'est un pays européen dans l'esprit, la politique et l'économie, s'il ne l'est au plan géographique.
D'autre part, en investissant davantage dans la technologie et la défense. Nous ne pouvons continuer à profiter du parapluie américain en n'affectant que 1,5% de notre PIB à la défense quand les Etats-Unis lui consacrent 4% de leur revenu national.
Si ces conditions se vérifiaient, l'Europe, qui est déjà un géant économique, mais un nain politique et militaire, deviendrait un géant dans toutes ses dimensions. Réellement protagoniste avec les Etats-Unis de développement, de sécurité et de paix dans le monde.
LE FIGARO. – De vives incompréhensions avaient surgi entre Rome et Paris au début de la guerre en Irak, au point que l'ambassadeur de France à Rome s'était déclaré «stupéfié» par le procès d'intention fait à son gouvernement. Peut-on parler d'un refroidissement des rapports franco-italiens?
Silvio BERLUSCONI. – En aucune manière. Il n'y a jamais eu de notre part volonté d'adopter une attitude antifrançaise. Aucun homme politique italien n'a jamais fait la moindre déclaration qui puisse être qualifiée d'antifrançaise. En ce qui me concerne, j'ai toujours manifesté les plus grands égards pour la position française dans toutes les manifestations publiques. J'ai voulu expressément exclure cette situation particulière de politique étrangère (NDLR : les divergences de vues sur l'Irak) du reste des rapports de l'Italie avec la France. Nous voulons que ces rapports restent les plus amicaux et affectueux possible.
S'il est d'ailleurs un dirigeant français avec lequel mes rapports sont très cordiaux, c'est bien Jean-Pierre Raffarin. Nous nous téléphonons très souvent et nous sommes convenus de nous revoir en Italie avant cet été. J'ai aussi donné des instructions à mes ministres afin qu'ils renforcent leurs rapports avec leurs homologues français. Et la dernière fois que je l'ai vu à Bruxelles, Jacques Chirac m'a dit qu'il en avait fait autant de son côté.
LE FIGARO. – La France voudrait retarder la mise en chantier de la ligne ferroviaire Turin-Lyon, dont l'Italie espère l'achèvement en 2014. N'est-ce pas un motif sérieux de discorde?
Silvio BERLUSCONI. – J'en ai déjà parlé avec divers responsables du gouvernement français. Je leur ai dit qu'un tel choix serait extrêmement erroné. La France a tout intérêt à être rapidement reliée par cette ligne à grand gabarit, non seulement avec l'Italie, mais aussi avec l'Europe de l'Est tout entière, jusqu'à Kiev et au-delà. Ce serait une erreur de croire qu'on puisse en différer la construction. L'amitié avec l'Italie repose aussi sur un réseau de communications permettant de franchir l'obstacle naturel des Alpes. Nous savons que le trafic va progresser de manière exponentielle dans les dix prochaines années. Le nombre de véhicules augmentera de 50% sur nos routes, alors que les axes de communication avec la France sont déjà surchargés par un trafic supérieur aux limites de sécurité. Imaginons la situation dans dix ans. En outre l'Europe se fonde sur le principe de la libre circulation des marchandises et des personnes. Cela ne peut se faire sans réseaux adéquats de communication transeuropéens. Alors, oui, différer la mise en chantier de la Turin-Lyon serait une décision incompréhensible, allant contre l'Italie et contre l'Europe tout entière ! Franchement, je refuse de croire que les dirigeants français puissent la prendre.




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