https://theconversation.com/college-...-and-he-187338
https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/asa15/paper/23825
https://www.manhattan-institute.org/...not-11425.html
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25744543/
https://europa.today.it/attualita/ma...lita-lgbt.html
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_naturelle
https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/san-...eronormativity
https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/gen...tical_feminism
Tolkien made statements against Nazis and also apartheid, but this is not the same as being anti-racist or pro-equality. His condemnation of Hitler, he wrote in the same letter, was for
ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making forever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to preserve in its true light.
The comment shows that he believed that some people were essentially different to and better than others. This notion is foundational to racism.
Tolkien’s belief in racial difference translated to Middle-earth. Within the imaginary species (elves and humans in particular) there are hierarchies. Some humans are inherently better than others; we see this when Faramir talks about “High, Men of the West… the Middle Peoples, Men of the Twilight… the Wild, the Men of Darkness” in The Two Towers.
Individuals from “High” races may have moral failings and become evil, but collectively they do not serve it. Physical characteristics (like hair and skin colour) are linked to non-physical traits in ways that reflect the logics of real-world racism.
There are traces of evidence that Tolkien did not imagine “good” peoples as exclusively white. The ways these are expressed still sometimes reinforce racial hierarchies. In The Return of the King, some people who fight against Sauron are counted as
men of Gondor, yet their blood was mingled, and there were short and swarthy folk among them" because some of their ancestors are not “High, Men of the West.
"Good” species and races in Middle-Earth are constructed through references to European cultures (especially northwestern Europe), and the “bad” races are constructed through orientalist stereotypes. Tolkien’s letters show the ways that real-world ideas about race influenced Middle-Earth. He wrote “I do think of the ‘Dwarves’ like Jews: at once native and alien in their habitations.”
In a 1958 letter about a film treatment of The Lord of the Rings he wrote:
Orcs are … squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol types.
There is evidence that he revised his representation of Dwarves between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings to try move away from anti-Semitic stereotypes. There is no such evidence for Orcs even though he wrestled with the moral problem of a purely “evil” species of beings.
The combination of racial stereotypes and hierarchies built into Middle-Earth make Tolkien’s work appealing to racists and a useful political tool for the far-right. There is, however, more to the world and stories he created.
Being troubled by racism is also not just a new “woke” reading of Tolkien’s writing. C.S. Lewis wrote a review in 1955 of Lord of the Rings that reported some readers “imagine they have seen a rigid demarcation between black and white people” draw along clear moral lines.
Given Lewis was Tolkien’s friend, it’s not surprising that he defended the books. A letter in the fanzine Xero from 1963 expressed concern about “subtle racism,” hierarchies within humanity, and “monochromatic” representation of elves and orcs in Middle-Earth.
Moero taiyō kakero tekkaman 1 yami ni ugomeku warudasutā ★ kudaite hoshikuzu uchūnohate ni kirameku ginga ni chichi no na yobeba ā hitosuji nagareru Namida hoshi yaru zo pe gasu tekkusettā uchū no kishi uchū no kishi tekkaman
Cos'è l'omosessualità per te?
La patologizzazione ha salvato l'omosessualità dallo stigma del vizio
Kardiner, columbia uni
"A powerful lobby of 'gay' organizations has brought pressure on the American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from the category of aberrancy. This is only one facet of the tidal wave of egalitarianism and divisiveness that is sweeping the country."
Kardiner, columbia Professor of Psychiatry
"A powerful lobby of 'gay' organizations has brought pressure on the American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from the category of aberrancy. This is only one facet of the tidal wave of egalitarianism and divisiveness that is sweeping the country."
anyone who believed that homosexuality was a disorder was systematically excluded from being a member of the APA/APA Homosexuality Task Forces or from even being able to present his views or evidence to them. In other words, the Task Forces only permitted those people who shared their viewpoint to voice an opinion, so their conclusions were preordained.
But the homosexuals did not focus on the APA/APA organizations alone; they intimidated psychiatrists and psychologists all over the nation. While the Homosexuality Task Forces were preparing their reports,
anyone who dared present documentation that homosexuality was a psychological disorder anywhere in the country was shouted down and even physically attacked at public forums or at local and national meetings of mental health professionals
Vedasi
“The Sexual Deviations and the Diagnostic Manual.” American Journal of Psychotherapy
PC soft hardw
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Cinquantarvela sa doli
Non la pranghi
Cosa stai fando?