Gender gap in pay

[nicolaj198vi]

Ok, visto che il 3d del "femminista cornuto" ha virato decisamente sul divario salariale uomo-donna, diciamo un tantinello OT, ne apro uno sull'argomento.

Vi piazzo qui una pubblicazione di tale Claudia Goldin, il suo curriculum accademico lo trovate qui:

Bio for Claudia Goldin | Claudia Goldin

Claudia Goldin is the Henry Lee Professor of Economics at Harvard University and director of the NBER’s Development of the American Economy program. Goldin is an economic historian and a labor economist. Her research has covered a wide array of topics, including slavery, the economic impact of war, the female labor force, immigration, New Deal policies, income inequality, technological change, education, and the gender gap in pay. Most of her research interprets the present through the lens of the past and explores the origins of current issues of concern. In the past several years her work has focused on college women’s achievement of career and family. Her most recent project concerns the increase of women’s employment in their mature and older years...

Questo invece è il link alla pubblicazione in extenso: http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/gol...ess_2014_1.pdf

Questo è il paragrafo relativo alle conclusioni:

The reasoning of this essay is as follows.
A gender gap in earnings exists today that greatly expands with age, to some point, and differs significantly by occupation.The gap is much lower than it had once been and the decline has been largely due to an increase in the productive human capital of women relative to men. Education at all levels increased for women relative to men and the fields that women pursue in college and beyond shifted to the more remunerative and career-oriented ones. Job experience of women also expanded with increased labor force participation. The portion of the difference in earnings by gender that was once due to differences in productive characteristics has largely been eliminated.

What, then, is the cause of the remaining pay gap?
Quite simply the gap exists because hours of work in many occupations are worth more when given at particular moments and when the hours are more continuous. That is, in many occupations earnings have a nonlinear relationship with respect to hours. A flexible schedule often comes at a high price, particularly in the corporate, financial, and legal worlds.A compensating differentials model explains wage differences by the costs of flexibility. The framework developed here shows why there are higher or lower costs of time flexibility and the underlying causes of nonlinearity of earnings with respect to time worked. Much has to do with the presence of good substitutes for individual workers when there are sufficiently low transactions costs of relaying information.Evidence from O*Net on occupational characteristics demonstrates that certain features of occupations that create time demands and reduce the degree of substitution across workers are associated with larger gender earnings gaps.Data for MBAs and JDs shows large increases in gender pay gaps with time since graduation and also reveals the relationship between the increasing gender pay gap and the desire for time flexibility due to the arrival of children. Lower hours mean lower earnings in a nonlinear (convex) fashion. Lower potential earnings, particularly among those with higher-earning spouses, often means lower labor force participation.Pharmacists, on the other hand, have pay that is more linear with respect to hours of work. Female pharmacists with children often work part-time and remain in the labor force rather than exiting.

What must be in this chapter for it to be the last?
The last chapter must be concerned with how worker time is allocated, used and remunerated and it must involve a reduction in the dependence of remuneration on particular segments of time. It must involve greater independence and autonomy for certain types of workers and the ability of workers to substitute seamlessly for each other. Flexibility at work has become a prized benefit but flexibility is of less value if it comes at a high price in terms of earnings. The various types of temporal flexibility require changes in the structure of work so that their cost is reduced.There are many occupations and sectors that have moved in the direction of less costly flexibility. Firms in many sectors, including healthcare, retail sales, banking,brokerage, and real estate, are making their employees better substitutes for each other and trying to convince their clients of that.46 When clients perceive there is a greater degree of substitutability among workers, a more linear payment schedule emerges. Pharmacists are now better substitutes for each other than they once were and their earnings are fairly linear with regard to time worked. Larger scale in healthcare has enabled teamwork that has freed physicians from irregular and long hours. Most small veterinary practices no longer have weekend, night, and emergency hours and, instead, have clients use the increasing number of large regional veterinary hospitals. Self-employment has declined in a large number of professions the past several decades including dentists, lawyers, optometrists, pharmacists, physicians,and veterinarians. The decline has produced a reduction in the premium to long and unpredictable hours.Some changes have occurred organically, often due to economies of scale (as in the cases of physicians, pharmacists and veterinarians), some changes have been prompted by employee pressure (as in the case of various physician specialties such as pediatricians), and other changes have occurred because firms want to reduce labor costs. Not all positions can be changed. There will always be 24/7 positions with on-call, all-the-time employees and managers, including many CEOs, trial lawyers,merger-and-acquisition bankers, surgeons, and the US Secretary of State. But,that said, the list of positions that can be changed is considerable.What the last chapter must contain for gender equality is not a zero sum game in which women gain and men lose. This matter is not just a woman’s issue. Many workers will benefit from greater flexibility, although those who do not value the amenity will likely lose from its lower price. The rapidly growing sectors of the economy and newer industries and occupations, such as those in health and information technologies, appear to be moving in the direction of more flexibility and greater linearity of earnings with respect to time worked. The last chapter needs other sectors to follow their lead.

Buona discussione!

[Mike Suburro]

Che si dia inizio alle gah-nze.

[Hatshepsut]

Insomma il gioco di squadra, tutti per uno, l'unione fa la forza.
Pace.

[nicolaj198vi]

Insomma il gioco di squadra, tutti per uno, l'unione fa la forza.
Pace.

Ma anche, "insomma smettetela con la storia che vi si paga meno perchè siete donne" eh...

[Rachel Walling]

Ma anche, "insomma smettetela con la storia che vi si paga meno perchè siete donne" eh...

[Hatshepsut]

Ma anche, "insomma smettetela con la storia che vi si paga meno perchè siete donne" eh...

Ma anche smettetela con la storia "non è vero che vi si paga di meno"

[Mengistu]

È puro marxismo questo articolo, purificato dalle fisime borghesi individualiste

[nicolaj198vi]

Ma anche smettetela con la storia "non è vero che vi si paga di meno"

Mai detto questo.
Che il gender gap esista non lo sta negando nessuno. La discussione verte sulle cause...

[nicolaj198vi]

È puro marxismo questo articolo, purificato dalle fisime borghesi individualiste

Argomentare please.

[Mengistu]

Argomentare please.

È incentrato sui rapporti di produzione, domanda ed offerta, flessibilità etc etc senza accennare minimamente a bruciori di culo, farmaciste che partoriscono in farmacia etc etc

Smonta tutte le categorie borghesi